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>M THE COPYRIGHTED 

lican Bureau of Geography 
No. 3, September, 1900 



Lake McDonald and Vicinity 



JOHN M. HOLZINGER 



WINONA, MINN. 

JONES & KROEGER, 1 R T NTERS 

1900 



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REPRINTED FROM THE COPYRIGHTED 

BUEEETIN OF THE AMERICAN BUREAU OF GEOGRAPHY 

Vol. I, No. 3, September, 1900 



Lake McDonald and Vicinity 



JOHN M. HOLZINGER 



WINONA, MINN. 

JONES & KROEGER, PRINTERS 
1900 



lake Mcdonald and vicinity 

BY JOHN M. HOLZINGER, STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, WINONA, MINN. 

In July, 1898, the writer, accompanied by Mr. James Blake, 
spent a part of his summer vacation in northwestern Montana, in 
the vicinity of Lake McDonald. Primarily on bryological pleasure 
bent, we also found so much that is of physiographic interest 

that I have ventured to 
offer the following remi- 
niscences to the readers of 
the Bulletin. 

The region visited is in 
the very "Heart of the 
Rockies," along the line of 
the Great Northern Rail- 
way. Indeed, until this 
railway pierced the back- 
bone of our continent, not 
much over a decade ago, it 
was not possible, in a 
short vacation trip, to 
reach these isolated, rock- 
hemmed mountain basins. It is even now a task requiring phys- 
ical endurance, and some courage, to follow the guide — in our case 
a hunter of the mountain goat, bear, and mountain lion — up and 
down the precipitous, untrodden mountain sides, over baby 
moraines, and even over the small glaciers, evidently remnants of 
once mighty ice streams. And the writer confesses that, but for 
the rich moss flora which presented itself everywhere along the 
route of our several excursions, naturally riveting the eye to the 
wall along which we would cautiously creep, and diverting the 
attention from the precipitous and occasionally almost abyssal 
declivities immediately beneath us, he would not care to again go 
over the ground. 




lake Mcdonald 



I 



e-jjzy 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 



The station at which we were advised to leave the railroad is Bel- 
ton, some thirty miles east of Kalispell. This we found to consist of 
a number of cottages and a board building, which, for three months 
or so in the summer, during the tourist's season, serves as a depot, 
express and telegraph office. The distance to the foot of Lake 
McDonald is about three miles. This lake stretches some twenty 
miles northward, and has an average width of less than five 
miles. A small steamer, the F. I. Whitney, takes the tourist 
and his camp outfit to the north end, where is Hotel Glacier, 
and farther on the winter cabins of Comeau and of John Geduhn. 
Both these lone mountain dwellers, as well as Charles Howes, who 
with his wife spends his winters in his cabin at the south end of 
the lake, act as guides to the tourists in the summer season. We 
pitched our first camp within sight of Hotel Glacier. It proved to 
be our permanent camp, from which we made our several trips. 

According to the railroad surveys, Lake McDonald is about 
3,500 feet above sea level. Around its south end, and on both sides, 
it is bordered by low, gently sloping moraine hills which, some 
miles back, reach a height of 600-800 feet above the lake level. 
Around the north end stand a group of stately, partly isolated 
mountains which rise from 
4,000 to 6,000 feet above 
their immediate surround- 
ings. Charles Howes, 
whom we afterwards en- 
gaged as our guide, named 
them for us. In the order 
from left to right, facing 
north, they are: Mt. Lottie 
Stanton, almost hiding Mt. 
Trilby; Goat Mountain in 
the central back ground; to 
its left, glimpses of the 
Garden-wall; to its right, 
Mt. Brown; farther to the 
right, back from the lake 

a number of miles, the Little Matterhorn; to the east of that. Mt. 
Edwards. 

The Avalanche trail leads between Goat Mountain and Mt. 
Brown. Avalanche Lake, at the upper end of this trail, some twelve 




UPPER END OF LAKE MCDONALD. 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 5 

miles above Hotel Glacier, is a narrow sheet of water one to two 
miles long, on both sides of which are found places suitable for 
camping. One of these, the one first reached on arriving in the 
Basin, is known as the Lower Camp. Another is reached by 
crossing at the lower end of the lake on the great raft of dead tim- 
ber, which makes a natural bridge to the north side, and there pass- 
ing to the upper end of the lake. This is called the Upper Camp. 
Here we are within a half mile of the base of Avalanche Wall, over 
2,000 feet high and almost perpendicular. Down the face of this 
Wall fall five small streams of glacier water. But the glacier is not 
visible from this direction. We had been told that the top of the 
Wall can be reached by a natural trail on the left. But our time 
did not permit an attempt at finding this. And moreover our guide, 
Joe Rogers from Kalispell, was not familiar with this ascent. 

Charles Howes, the guide who accompanied us on the other 
trips, insisted that an ascent to Sperry Glacier by way of Avalanche 
Basin is not only impracticable, but impossible. I have since 
learned that it has been repeatedly accomplished, and that appar- 
ently with less risk than is the climb up to the upper end of the 
Glacier by way of the Rim, At any rate he insisted on taking us 
to the Glacier by the way he knew, which is quite natural. In 
accordance with his plan we started out July 16, leaving Hotel 
Glacier in the forenoon. The trail leads thru deep timber around 
the right of Mt. Brown, across many rivulets and larger streams of 
clear ice water, and for several miles is not very steep. Gradually 
we reached a narrowing valley, and the timber receded as we passed 
along the steep sides of outrunners of Mt. Brown and Mt. Edwards. 
Behind and beneath us spread out an unbroken stretch of ever- 
green forest. Eight miles above Lake McDonald, at an estimated 
elevation above sea level of 6,500 to 7,000 feet, we pitched camp, a 
brush shelter against a large boulder. Two young men from 
Kalispell accompanied us, Mr. J. R. White, a photographer, and 
Mr. C. J. Holmes, a railroad man. Hardly had we finished our 
preparations, ]ate in the afternoon, when it began to rain. Our 
provisions, bedding, collecting outfit and camera, we had "packed" 
on our shoulders. Of course, the shelter tent we left on the shore 
of Lake McDonald, confident that fair weather would be ours. 
Despite our implicit faith it rained steadily all next night, and all 
of July 17, and July 18. Prom a meteorological standpoint this 
rain was very interesting, since it was evidently melted snow, 



6 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 



melting as it reached our lower level. This precipitation, which 
lasted for three days, was evidently produced by the warm, mois- 
ture-laden west winds, passing over the Coast Range from the broad 
Pacific and rolling within our sight up these narrow gorges. 
Chilled by the ice and snow in their higher levels, the vapor, at 
first invisible, was turned into towering cloud masses, and finally 
came down upon and around us as rain, slush and snow. Far above 
us, on the steep mountain sides, snow fell on trees, shrubs and 
rocks, shading into rain as it descended. Sheltering ourselves as 
best we could against the incessant fall of rain and slush, we kept 
up our courage and a good fire. Yet, in spite of all our efforts, we 
gradually got all wet thru. And so on the morning of July 19, 
when it still rained, and the wind was still from the west, we "cached" 
the remnant of our scant provisions — some bacon, prunes and a can 
of condensed milk — packed our drenched bedding, and a parcel of 
mosses collected during some lucid intervals on previous days, and 




AVALANCHE WALL. 
From Photograph by Mr. James Blake. 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 



retraced our steps along the trail to Hotel Glacier, where we 
arrived at noon, a sorry looking and much bedraggled trio. Our 
two Kalispell friends had returned the day before. This trip is 
memorable also for the fresh bear- wallow, and the goat bed which we 
found along our trail. 

The trail and basin that we had passed thru on this trip, our 
guide declared, had never been named. And he insisted on apply- 
ing the name Holzinger's Trail, and Holzinger's Basin. Some 
days later, after he had had an interview with Mr. Geduhn, he 
stated that it suited Geduhn also, and that they would see that trail 
and valley were known hereafter by this name. I had no choice in 
the matter. And the mosses of that trip are accompanied by 
labels designating this valley by the above name. 

After drying ourselves, resting, and taking care of the material 
collected, we started with Howes as guide early on July 21, across 
the lake to ascend Mount Trilby. I have since learned from Prof. 
Goode, who has also visited that region, that his guide at the time 
insisted on calling that peak Mt. Goode. Which leads me to sus- 
pect that some of those geographical features may have as many 
names as a handsome maid has lovers. And the question in either 
case is, which one will stick ? We took along only one meal, 
expecting to return to our Lake camp that night. Our ascent was 
along the slope of Lottie Stanton facing Trilby, till we reached the 
gap between which the snow fields to the west were visible. Then 
we crossed the small stream that flows between the two peaks, 

stepping from boulder to 
boulder, and following a 
deer trail, made for the base 
of the perpendicular wall 
that constitutes the top of 
Mount Trilby. This is as 
far as we went up. Then 
we made toward the right, 
toward the front that faces 
the deep valley of Ava- 
lanche creek and Lake Mc- 
Donald. On our precipi- 
tous way we crossed several 
"rock avalanches ;" the steep 
avalanche basin, mont. mountain side is strewn in 






\h- 




VIEWS OF SPERRY GLACIER. 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY V 

perpendicular streaks with jagged fragments of rock from above. 
When we reached the front, we realized that we stood at a giddy 
eminence. Far below us lay the lake, dwindled to a narrow pond. 
The forests of stately trees that stretched over the undulating 
moraines on each side of it south of the mountains, now looked like 
carpets of green meadows. Some twenty or more miles to the 
south-east the Hungry Horse Glacier glistened in the. afternoon 
sun. Opposite us, across the gap 3,000 or more feet deep, stood 
Mt. Brown, behind it the Little Matterhorn, and Mt. Edwards; to 
the left of them, the Garden Wall, Goat Mountain and the Shepard 
Peaks. Between the latter and the Little Matterhorn lay stretched 
out Sperry Glacier, rising from the Avalanche Wall eastward, away 
from us, its head apparently miles beyond the peaks that rise 
above its surface at the eastern limit of our vision. While each 
step up to this point, had been rich in bryological treasures— the 
guide had also brought down a blue grouse for us just before we 
stepped out upon this thrilling panorama — here we had spread out 
before us geological features unsurpassed in interest. At our very 
feet, tho over 3,000 feet above lake level, were unmistakable traces of 
glaciation — rocks smoothed by the flow of an ice river; roches 
moutonnees. as it were, tottering at the falling-off place of this 
mountain side. Afterward, when we passed along Avalanche 
trail, I noted with great interest glaciated surfaces several thousand 
feet almost perpendicularly above us. But the sun was westering. 
And we must descend promptly, for we were some five miles from 
camp, and our trail was only such as bear and deer had prepared 
for us. The first 500 feet of descent was over bare rocks. The 
great mountain folds seem to have an almost perpendicular "dip" 
along our path; and the cleavage lines permitted narrow horizontal 
"benches" to be formed by weathering, with a very steep talus 
from bench to bench. This leaping down from ledge to ledge the 
guide designated as " dropping," a very appropriate term. I stood 
in constant fear that we might thus "drop" down to an impassable 
precipice, unable to climb up again. In fact, at one point we did 
have to climb up again some fifty feet to escape just this contin- 
gency; and a horrid climb it was ! When at last we reached the 
timber, where the slope was more gentle, and where we could hang 
on to shrubs and trees in passing down a steep place, I breathed 
more easily. We reached camp after an arduous day's travel, 
happy, tired, and rich in finds. 




LOOKING TOWARD THE RIM FROM HOLZINGER'S BASIN, UPPER CAMP. 
From Photograph taken by Mr. J. R. White. 




LOOKING TOWARD THE RIM, UP THE GORGE FROM HOLZINGER'S BASIN, 

LOWER CAMP. 

From Photograph taken by Mr. J. R. White. 

Note. — The effect of an avalanche on timber is seen in the foreground. 



12 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 



After spending several days in the care of our collections, and 
in resting, we started a second time to reach Sperry Glacier by way 
of the " Rim." As early 
as the heavy dew permitted, 
we were on our way, again . 
on foot. And in the after- 
noon of June 24th, we 
reinstated ourselves in our 
brush tent, there to spend 
the night previous to the 
final climb over the ''Rim." 
This time we had good 
weather. And by nine 
o'clock next morning we 
were well on our way. Over 
boulders, along ledges, 
across small steep snow 
fields the guide led us, up 
thru the broad gorge, which 
he called Holzinger's Gorge. 
Basin.) My companion Mr 




MORAINE AND ; >FRONT OF SPERRY 
GLACIER. 



(The brush camp was in Holzinger's 
Blake, here had a little adventure 
which might have proved serious. His heavy climbing boots 
chafed him. So at the guide's advice he exchanged them for some 
large rubbers. But this made it impossible for him to get a good 
foothold on the firmly packed granular snowfield. One of the 
first fields we had to cross was very steep. We were nearly across, 
when to our dismay we saw Mr. Blake sliding at considerable 
speed down the mountain side. The guide yelled advice to him: 
to plant his heels, and fists, and rifle, if possible. By vigorous 
kicking and stamping he finally checked his involuntary descent; 
and with the guide's help, who hastened down to him, he soon 
retraced the two hundred or so feet of lost ground. 

No other accident befell us, on this climb, which at several 
points led us along very precipitous ledges. In that steep broad 
gorge from Holzinger's Basin to the Rim we counted four succes- 
sive terraces some four hundred feet apart; on each of these there 
was a small lake, and the upper two of these lakes were at this 
time, the last week in July, still frozen over. Some time in the 
past, when the glacial ice mass was from three thousand to five thou- 
sand feet thicker than it now is, this gorge must at periods of rapid 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 



13 



recession have been filled with immense volumes of rushing waters 
forming a close succession of five or six gigantic cataracts, and the 
lakes seem to be purely the work of the waters upon the primeval 
rocks, carved out by the plunging stream. 

At last we reached the "Rim."' As we stood upon a narrow 
uncomfortably sloping ledge, which we had reached by climbing 
on all fours for some little distance, it seemed impossible to go a 
foot higher. For before us was a perpendicular wall about ten 
feet high. Beneath us, a precipice of some thirty feet followed by 
steep rip-rap and a snowfield. On the ledge, there was just room 
for us three The guide's request that we unload was carried out 
with difficulty because we were so cramped for moving space. But 
finally by cautious shifting we got rid of our several parcels — the 
guide, of knapsack with blankets and lunch; Blake, of rifle and 
camera; I, of collecting outfit. Then the guide began a remark- 
able ascent up the wall above us: hands and feet to our surprise 
found support in the small clefts and jagged projections. When 
he had reached the top, he lay on his stomach and reached down 
for our several parcels. When these were safely deposited on top, 
he had a harder task in getting us up; each hand and each foot 
had to come just so, or else we had to begin over again. Finally 
we stood, all three, on the "Rim," the steep wide gorge behind us, 
Mt. Edwards to our left, at its base a small shallow body of 
glacial water; to our right an unnamed peak; before us Sperry 

Glacier, some two miles above 
its base, the center of a grand 
panorama. We were facing 
north as nearly as I could 
make out. Obliquely to our 
left, northwest, stood the 
Shepard peaks; in the north 
and northeast, other unnamed 
peaks rose above the general 
mass of ice, rugged islands on 
a frozen sea. 

The small exposed area 
at the Rim is well watered by 
numerous little glacial rivu- 
lets. By the side of one of 
crevasse in sperry glacier. these we sat down and ate our 




14 LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 

lunch, before setting foot on the glacier. At last our journey 
down to the base of the ice stream began. I had read the stories of 
alpine climbers disappearing in the abyssal crevasses of glaciers, 
sometimes hidden by freshly fallen snow. We were traversing a 
field of evidently newly fallen snow, covering the deep ice sheet 
beneath to the depth of nearly a foot. This must have fallen dur- 
ing the storm that thwarted our first attempt a week before. 
This circumstance added not a little to my own feeling that 
our journey down this glacier really bordered on the fool- 
hardy. We were not equipped with ropes; and the guide's 
confidence, and his assurances that he had repeatedly crossed 
these icy wastes when hunting the mountain goat, and that he 
kneiv there was no danger, availed little toward reassuring me. 
Yet, I kept all my fears to myself, acting upon them only to 
the extent of persistently following behind the guide by a 
rod or two — ready to check my footsteps the moment he 
would disappear in a hidden crevasse. Mr. Blake was innocent of 
all danger, and thought me needlessly timid. His sense of security 
gave him doubtless a much larger measure of enjoyment in these 
our exceptional experiences than I was able to enjoy just then. 
After about an hour's journey down over the ice we reached 
the "front wall" of Sperry Glacier, showing at the time a perpen- 
dicular thickness of something less than two hundred feet. This 
front stood over half a mile back from the brink of Avalanche 
Wall. And this space some three miles wide, and gently sloping 
to the brink, is covered with small moraines interspersed with 
snowfields, and cut up by numerous interlacing streams of glacial 
water, some of them of considerable size, too deep and too rushing 
to be safely crossed except over the natural bridges of snow 
beneath which frequently lay their course. Over this distance we 
had little difficulty in threading our way to the brink. At last we 
stood at the falling-off place, at the giddy height of 2,500 feet, 
nearly perpendicularly above Avalanche Lake, which from this 
distance looked the size of a small mill-pond. To our immediate 
left, rising from our level now, stood the Little Matterhorn; toward 
our left front, Mt. Brown, in the central back ground, west of us, 
Mt. Trilby; to its right, Goat mountain, most bleak and precipi- 
tous of all, hiding from this point the Garden Wall; on our right, 
with the slopes of Mt. Brown hemming in and forming Avalanche 
Basin, the Shepard Peaks. We stood near the south end of the 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 15 

brink; near its north end, and on a level with us, lies a small body 
of water, Mary Baker Lake. 

But the westering sun reminded us that we must hasten to 
retrace our steps to the brush camp, if we did not wish to camp 
for the night on these chilly crags. With difficulty did I call the 
guide, who had discovered fresh tracks of a large mountain goat, 
and was following it persistently along the precipitous slope from 
the Little Matterhorn to Mt. Brown. Almost beyond the reach of 
my voice, he heeded my gesticulations only reluctantly. After I 
had him back, I observed with some vexation that Blake had 
strayed far away in the opposite direction, toward Mary Baker 
Lake, and was quite out of reach of my voice. He had easily 
crossed several of the larger streams over the snow bridges, near 
the base of this narrow plateau; had on the other side ascended 
toward the base of the glacier; and, attempting to come back, was 
finding some real difficulties in crossing these same streams which 
he had found both wide, and deep, and rapid. After some yelling 
and waiting he came out from behind a moraine, glad to join us 
for the return. This glacial plateau had proved an exceptionally 
interesting collecting ground, yielding the larger part of the rare 
and new things brought back from that trip. And while my two 
companions pursued their several lines of pleasure— goats and 
adventures — I was busy garnering my harvest. 

As soon as Mr. Blake had joined us, we started back, first up 
the glacier to the Rim, a rather slippery way, more so apparently 
than had been the descent; then from there by rapid drops to the 
brush camp where we arrived before night fall. On this descent 
the guide shot for me a Rocky Mountain marmot, a large rodent, 
like a woodchuck but much larger, the tanned skin of which now 
adorns my work-room, a reminder of that hazardous visit to Sperry 
Glacier. 

Next forenoon we arrived safely in our permanent camp on 
the shore of Lake McDonald. After spending two days caring for 
my recent collection around the glacier, we decided upon a short 
trip to Avalanche Basin. To this end we engaged Joe Rogers, of 
Kalispell, with pack horses. Several considerations urged us to 
make this our last trip, not the least among which was a jumping 
toothache. The distance of the Basin is about twelve miles. 
The trail, tho pronounced "good" by the guides of the region 
leads over very rugged stretches of moraine and ice-worn rocks. 




]6 LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 

And we were indeed glad 
to make at least one of our 
excursions astride a Rocky 
Mountain " burro." How 
slowly, and how safely 
these small, hardy horses 
carried us over this trail! 
Around obstructing boul- 
ders and windfalls, under 
and over prostrate forest 
trees; down and up precip- 
itous places, fording several 
small but rapid streams, 
we reached the lower end of 

SUMMIT LAKE AND PYRAMID VALLEY Avalanche l &ke in timQ to 

eat oar dinner. This over, we made ready to reach the Upper Camp, at 
the upper end of the lake. To this end we had to cross over to its 
north shore. Making doubly sure that blankets, provisions and 
other trappings were securely fastened to the backs of the horses, 
the guide drove them to the other side of the lake outlet thru the 
rapids just below the great natural raft, over which one of us first 
crossed to head them off. From there we required more than an 
hour longer to reach the Upper Camp at the head of the lake. 
The precipitous base of the Shepard Peaks here crowds the trail 
so much that we repeatedly hang almost perpendicularly above the 
light-green water of the lake. At times it leads to the lake level 
across a small arm of its shallow water. 

When at last the camp ground was reached Mr. Blake made a 
picture of our outfit before unpacking the horses. Then Joe the 
guide took charge of preparing the camp for the night, while 
Blake and I made our principal collecting trip. We ascended a 
dry creek bed, the rest of the mountain side, the connecting spur 
between Mt. Brown and the Little Matterhorn, being covered with 
an impenetrable growth of willows and other underbrush. Toward 
night-fall we returned to camp for supper. Then soon we sought the 
spruce bow couches, in the preparation of which Joe took especial 
pride; and, covering ourselves with blankets and tarpaulin, we went 
to sleep amid the perfume of the stately pines around us, with the 
canopy heaven for our only roof. Before I was fairly asleep I was 
aroused by a soft warm nose snuffing in my face, and a grunt 



LAKE MCDONALD AND VICINITY 17 

somewhat like that of a little pig. At first I hardly dared stir. 
But I managed to arouse Joe, who slept on the other side of Blake, 
to the fact that some animal was prowling around our bed. He 
rose up stealthily, seized a club from a near-by pile of fire- wood 
gathered by him in the afternoon, and with it soon laid low the 
slowly-moving intruder- -a young porcupine. Being very tired, we 
were soon asleep again, only to be aroused a second time, this time 
by a fusilade of revolver shots from Joe, who had lain awake long 
enough to descry another intruder, a very large female porcupine, 
probably the mother of the young one killed before. This he 
chased and forced to climb up a small tree at the water's edge, 
where its outline stood clearb? against the starry sky, and proved 
an effective target for his pop gun. These porcupines often do a 
good deal of damage on their night visits to the camps, by chewing 
up the leather straps of saddles and of harness. Otherwise they 
are harmless rodents. And the flesh of the young is quite a 
delicacy. The rest of the night we passed in peaceful slumber. The 
forenoon of next day we spent in exploring the steep talus at the 
base of Avalanche wall. Toward noon Joe had succeeded in 
catching the horses in the mountain pasture at the base of the 
Little Matterhorn, and had packed them, ready for our return to 
our camp at the head of Lake McDonald, which we reached safely 
before dark. 

Two days later we were well on our way homeward on the east 
bound train of the Great Northern railway. Our only regret was, 
and is, that we could not stay two months longer, and explore 
regions which so far I know only from hearsay. My friend, Prof. 
E. R. Shepard, had told me of regions still more distant, and just 
as secluded and inaccessible; of Little St. Mary's Lake, reached 
from Holzinger's Basin, and east of it, a deep, isolated area; of 
Grinnell Glacier, Granite Peak, Belly Pass; and Smith Camp, and 
Chaney Glacier some thirty-five miles northwestward of Lake 
McDonald; of the Hungry Horse Glacier region, which we had 
espied standing on Trilby Mountain. All these regions promise 
materials of surpassing interest, both to the geologist and botanist. 
And I shall not be satisfied till some day, in the not distant future 
I hope, I can revisit this remarkable corner of our domain for a 
month or two in company with a small party of kindred spirits. 

Note. — The distances and altitudes given in this paper are only estimated, and 
need to be established more accurately by measurements. 

The cuts not otherwise credited are from photographs by Mr. E. R. Shepard. 



VOL. I JUNE, 1900 NO. 2 



BULLETIN 

OF THE 



American Bureau of Geography 



^H Magazine for teachers <£ 



CONTENTS 

Free-hand Map Work J. Paul Goode . . 99 

Method in Geography . Willis E. Johnson . 105 

Organic Geography Louise Miller . ♦ 111 

Cono ete Geography (illustrated) . ♦ Chas. F. King . 123 

The Study of Physical Geography upon 

the Pacific Coast H. W. Fairbanks .135 

A Lesson Plan for the Study of a Natural 

Product Clara L. Poe . . 141 

Illust ctive Lesson upon Latitude and 

Longitude for Fourth Grade and 

above (illustrated) . . . . Theda Gildemeister . 144 

The Physiographic Features of Maryland 

(illustrated) Cleveland Abbe, Jr. . 151 

A List of Books, Reports, and Articles 

Dealing with the Teaching of 

Geography J. F. Chamberlain . 157 

The School Cabinet .... Buel T. Davis . 164 

Flax— Cultivation and Preparation for Market Philip Emerson . .166 
Report of the Committee on Lantern 

Slides (illustrated) . . . . E. R. Shepard . 173 

Acknowledgments, 177 — Associate Editors, 177 — Committee on Geo- 
■pj'i ' t graphic Literature, 178 — For Improved Geography Teaching, 179 — 
editorial Notes for the Geography Class, 180— Suggestions to Teachers, 181— 

Geography as a Means of Esthetic Culture, 182. 

The Physical Geography and Geology of Canada, 184 — Five Months 
■p . on the Yangtse, Through the Yangtse Gorges, TheYangtse Valley and 

Iveviews Beyond, Problems of the Far East, China in Transformation, Siberia 

and Central Asia, 186. 

List of New Members . . . . . .* . ' . . 188-200 

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